病理诊断专家：Hormoz Ehya, MD

　　　　

　　收集肿瘤病理组织的一种方法就是细针穿刺。体表器官（乳腺、甲状腺，腮腺及淋巴腺）可直接检查；深部脏器则需要穿刺术；肺、肝、肾及胰腺则需要放射或内镜指导。细胞病理学的优势包括便利、并发病少和快速出示结果。今日，熟练的免疫组化，遗传学和分子学用于形态学的补充。

　　自从当住院医生后，本人一直对细胞病理学很感兴趣，这也是我获得细胞病理学研究员的动力。细胞病理学广为接受，现今已经成为主要和明确的诊断和监测癌症手段。

　　除了临床实践，本人还参与多种实验研究。在过去10年里，我参与的具有影响力的研究是在乳头穿刺液中检测乳腺癌风险的指征——生物标记物。采取非侵袭性的方法，通过乳头抽吸可获得少量的液体。对抽取液进行细胞学检查、蛋白质分析及分子学检查目的是发现与癌前病变相关的各类因素或预测癌症风险。

　　Another example is the collection of tissue samples by placing a thin needle in the tumor （fine-needle aspiration）. While superficial organs （e.g.， breast， thyroid， salivary gland， lymph nodes） can be directly accessed， aspiration of deep organs （e.g.， lung， liver， kidney， pancreas） requires radiologic or endoscopic guidance. The advantages of cytopathologic techniques include convenience， low rate of complications and rapid results. Today， sophisticated immunocytochemical， genetic and molecular methods are used to complement morphologic （also known as structural） assessment of the samples。

　　My interest in cytopathology started during my pathology residency， which led me to pursue a formal cytopathology fellowship in one of the few programs available at the time. Cytopathology is now widely accepted and has become a primary and definitive method for diagnosis and monitoring （surveillance） of cancer。

　　In addition to my clinical practice， I participate in a variety of research projects. One of the most exciting areas of research in which I have participated in the past decade is the investigation of biomarkers of breast cancer risk in nipple aspirate fluid. Inthis non-invasive method， a small amount of fluid is obtained from the breast by aspirating the nipple. Cytologic examination， protein assays and molecular studies are performed on the fluid with the objective of finding factors that are associated with precancerous conditions or can predict the risk of cancer development。